Major Rules and Procedure of Landing Permit in Aviation

Purpose of Flight

If the aircraft is being functioned secretly, then some nations don’t need the issuance of a landing permit, such as foreign private aircraft operating to the EU. Filing a prior flight plan is adequate. However, if the aircraft is flown commercially as charter for remuneration, then securing a landing permit is a must. Some countries don’t need a landing permit for private flights, but require it for charter. Many other countries around the world don’t discriminate based on the purpose of the flight and need a prior landing permit for both kinds of flight, private and charter.

Purpose of Landing

The supplies vary based on the purpose of landing, whether it is a technical landing for refueling or crew rest, or a traffic landing with passengers or cargo inbound to their territory or outbound from it. Normally, applications for landing permits for technical stops are easier and faster as compared to the full traffic landing permit applications. Conversely, there are some nations that still need local third party support even for methodical landing permits, such as Togo, which needs a confirmation from the aviation fuel supplier to the civil aviation authority that fuel has been booked and confirmed for the declared flight.

Local Sponsor

Most nations need the strong requirement of the local party receiving the flight and responsible for it (commonly known as the 'sponsor') in the permit application. The name of the company, contact, address and contact numbers are sufficient in some countries. This resident sponsor must expect a call from the local civil aviation authority requesting a confirmation and some information about the flight. The resident contact alone is not enough for some countries, they further request an official letter signed and stamped on the company letterhead addressed to the country’s civil aviation authority, clearly confirming their responsibility for the flight and specifying the full flight facts. Some countries accept the letter in English (Qatar), while others need it in the local language (Iran).

Ground Handling and Slots

Due to the limited size of the airport and the ground handling company, some countries make the confirmation of the ground handling, slots and parking a prior condition for the issuance of the landing permit.

When to Apply

Landing permit claims must be submitted within the controlling lead time specified by the country’s regulations. The lead time is different from one country to another.

How to Apply

States follow different methods in the way the landing permit claim must be made:

Email 

A simple email is adequate to consider the landing permit application in different countries.

AFTN

AFTN (Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network) is a requirement for applying for landing permits in many countries, such as Iran, Tunis, Ethiopia and Algeria. The aircraft documents can be sent to the CAA by email or fax.

Official Application

Some countries require an application signed and stamped by the airline in order to consider the landing permit application. This application can then be sent by email.

Online Portals

Civil aviation authority portal is available (and required) in some countries. Most of the online portals allow candidates to upload the necessary aircraft documents and will process the landing fees.

Conclusion

Landing permits are permissions needed by an aircraft to overfly, land or make a procedural stop in any country's airport.

Major Principles of Overflight Permits

Overflight permits are agreements from Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) to overfly that country’s airspace. These vary in terms of rules and airspace coverage area, depending on the country. It’s always significant to form overflight permit supplies in advance with your 3rd-party provider for the deliberate route of flight.

The following is an overview of what you required to classify: 

1. Overflight Permit Supplies

Many countries execute overflying permit supplies, which apply to both private non-revenue and charter (non-scheduled commercial) flight activity. For aircraft flying on trial or non-full safety certificates, overflight permits are generally required even if the country in question does not require a permit for standard General Aviation (GA) flights. Experimental aircraft generally face longer permit lead times, additional documentation and specific aircraft operating limitations.

2. Overflight Permits are not always Required

While most countries in Asia, Africa, and South America need overflight permits, for private non-revenue and charter flights, these licenses are generally not required for Europe. If you’re working on a new aircraft, however, most European countries do require permits to overfly.

3. Permit Lead Time Varies

Overflight permits can usually be handled within three to five business days, and this is the case for most of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America. Some countries, however, need longer permit lead times. Mongolia, for instance, needs 14 business days to accept an overflight permit while Togo requires 10 days, Myanmar obligations nine days and Indonesia requires seven business days. For short notice, overflight license requests may be possible at the preference of local CAAs.

4. Permit Supplies for chosen Routings

Once you decide the countries, you’ll be overflying, you’ll need to research particular supplies for each country regarding permit lead times, necessary information/documentation, and Flight Information Regions (FIRs), among other concerns. It’s important to evaluate the entire routing against flight charts to ensure you do not miss any necessary permits.

5. No-go Routings

There are many examples around the world when you aren’t permitted to use an exact route or operate between two countries. Some examples are as follows:

In most circumstances, you cannot work directly between Taiwan and China, or between Argentina and the Falkland Islands.

6. Determining Routing

Aeronautical Information Publications (AIPs) generally dictate rules, including overflight permit requirements, for each country. Some AIPs, however, may be difficult to find or may be written in the country’s native language, with no English versions available. When you plan a trip, it’s authoritative that you regulate a practical route of flight. Direction-finding is based on best winds, for example, may set you up for airways that may be closed, one-way only, or not available to GA. It’s always required to create a useable routing – and not a routing that puts you over countries that may be sanctioned or prohibited for your particular flight operation due to protection limitations, company operational specifications, and/or lead passenger preferences.

Conclusion

When dealing with the world of overflight permits, it’s significant that operators understand all requirements and restrictions. Moreover to what has been covered above, also consider special request formats, documentation requirements, operating hours, potential language barriers and urgent request/revision options.

Increasing Need of Fuel Production in the Current Aviation Market

Biofuels—energises produced using biomass— for aeronautics fuel markets can address the needs and goals of both biofuels and flying partners. The Largest Aviation Fuel Suppliers business and its fuel advertise for biofuels partners do not evaluate the specialised viewpoints or generation capability of biofuels for flight, nor does it address in detail other elective flying energises or blends of biofuels with petroleum products. Biofuels can meet flying industry needs, perhaps including overseeing dangers of upward fuel value patterns and fuel value unpredictability and dangers related to ozone-harming substance (GHG) discharges. 

The flying business has found a way to investigate this potential through cooperation in elective flight fuel research, advancement, and exhibition. Through these exercises, extra potential advantages of biofuels have been distinguished, for example, compound properties that could enhance fuel execution or supplement other elective energizes. Open and private activities focus on objectives for biofuels in avionics, as well as objectives for national, volumetric and of the commercial aviation alternative. The International Air Transport Association consistently tracks the status of elective aeronautics energizes. For the biofuels business, flight fuel markets could give an outlet to biofuels makers that may be appealing in respect to current markets. Today, the single biggest local biofuel is ethanol, or, in other words' engine gas for autos and lorry. Notwithstanding, ground transportation biofuel markets confront declining gas deals, restrains on ethanol mixing in gas, showcase dangers for higher ethanol mixes and hydrocarbon fills, and rivalry from non-fluid energizes (petroleum gas, battery-electric, or energy unit hydrogen-controlled vehicles). 

Flying fuel markets are likely less helpless against rivalry from non-fluid powers, on the grounds that the advantages of more noteworthy vitality thickness of fluid powers are generous in avionics because of the vitality productivity ramifications of pulling the fuel itself and the physical requirements of plane outline and execution. Another element of flying fuel advertises that is significant to biofuels makers is the centralization of stream fuel request at real aeroplane terminal centre. This fixation could rearrange store network control and coordination, conceivably encouraging biofuels supply to these areas, albeit perhaps at the same time raising worries about the market intensity of the fuel buyers. The difficulties to biofuels entering avionics fuel markets are various and noteworthy and incorporate business and budgetary dangers of conveying a specific, profoundly controlled fuel at a focused cost to a monetarily unpredictable industry.

Dissemination of Aircraft Fuel 

The unpolished oil transport and fly fuel conveyance framework gives the basic connections between import or raw petroleum extraction areas, refinery areas, and stream fuel utilization. For the potential passage of biofuels into the stream fuel dissemination framework, imperative contemplations incorporate, generally speaking, geographic examples of generation and utilization, fuel similarity with conveyance framework segments, non-fuel defilement, cross-pollution among various energizes, and strategic contemplations for fuel dealing with amid exchange and mixing. Inclusion purposes of bio rough, or biofuel into the stream fuel production network and similarity with that inventory network would decide how simple or troublesome it may be to go into the appropriation framework. 

Ingestion of Aircraft Fuel

The utilisation of fly fuel can change, contingent upon imports and fares of the fuel. Jet fuel buyers incorporate carriers, FBOs, air terminal proprietors and administrators, companies with flight divisions, administrators of harvest dusters and helicopters, and the military. Carriers and different clients at airplane terminals are, by a long shot, the biggest purchasers of stream oil.

Aircraft Fuel Prices

Stream fuel costs are higher than raw petroleum costs and for the most part associated with unrefined petroleum value patterns. Notwithstanding long haul costs slanting upward, raw petroleum cost and refined oil-based commodity costs are unpredictable. That is, while the mean patterns upwards, there is a huge variety around the mean. Oil value unpredictability is frequently credited to supply factors: spontaneous refinery blackouts (common and human-caused fiascos), 7 pipeline issues, and political unsteadiness in oil creating districts, restricted extra generation, and redirection of oil to the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Generally speaking, stream fuel cost is controlled by a spot advertise costs, the terms of procurement contracts and the area of the buy. Other deciding mechanisms incorporate outside impacts, for example, refinery close downs; sudden, confined changes or regular moves sought after; interferences in supply (e.g., cataclysmic events); and market hypothesis and ecological directions.

Conclusion

The largest aviation fuel suppliers strategy provides a cost-effective mechanism to manage generation and utilisation of fuel.

Things you should know about International Flight Support

We imply to deliver the most solid, proficient, and practical flight booster administrations to our customers. We have custom fitted administrations made to meet every one of the prerequisites of our customers. The administrations that we're putting forth covers every single one of the parts of flight support and arranging, from overflight and landing grants, common and conciliatory to ground dealing with administrations travellers and freight, fuel supply, in settlement and providing a food supply.

The whole group of experts gave you to the flight will be very qualified alongside the most recent programming that goes with the team in the flight. We can furnish you with the most conservative alternative that deserves of your cash and time. This measure of control on the costs is conceivable because of considering the climate, aeroplane terminal directions, clearances for air activity and political circumstances.

Since the start of our tasks, we emerged for the incredible nature of the administrations offered, or, in other words, these years in the nearby and universal market, in the territories of overflying and landing grants, trip arranging, and ground taking care of administrations, fuel supply, and inconvenience and cooking supply.

When you contact us, you can simply make a certain to get the help of immensely prepared and submitted Flight-Assist group who have that can-do disposition. Doesn't make a difference how time basic or touchy the activity is, you can simply depend on our experts, since they know how to deal with your function effortlessly. Our rundown of customers settles on us the best decision for business carriers and non-planned administrators close by private (official) and air emergency vehicle administrators.

Procuring a special flight permit is very necessary for flights today. We intercommunicate with Civil Aviation Authorities and our associates around the world to provide our clients with constantly updated overflight permission and ensure that their flight plans are on schedule. We grasp short-notice over-flight and landing permits around the world for:

• Cargo Charter

• Ferry Operations

• Diplomatic Flights

• Corporate Jets

Reassurance Emergency Operations

Nations outside Western Europe need a common arrival or overflight licenses for business or business flight activities like load contract, and with the expansion in the number of unpredictable regions it is essential for you to guarantee that the course that you will take is sheltered and that you have every one of the clearances that are required to guarantee that you are not rejected airspace section or re-directed. Our Experience in landing and overflight permits. You will always be relaxed to know that all your required clearances are arranged to ensure that your flight conforms to the requirements of the relevant local authority. With our long periods of involvement in the field, we generally guarantee that we are aware regarding all the most recent changes and the directions.

Discreet clearances are often required for flights that operate on behalf of military, heads of state and government. We have complete a range of operations successfully over many years in the industry. We have made a very close bond with different embassies globally, so it is ensured that sensitive and often complex clearances will be obtained both in accordance with the often strict protocol and correctly.

There are times when the discreet and civil relationships we have forged over the time, can afford some benevolence, and turn a seemingly unfeasible request into a very achievable reality.

CARGO CHARTER

International airlines, air ambulances, and different cargo aircraft charter forms a big part of our clientele. Our interconnection with aircraft operators in the Asian & Middle East region enables us to provide you with our prompt cargo delivery services at competitive rates. Our cargo charter services include;

• Passenger Charter

• Corporate Charter

• Medical Charter

• Corporate charter

• Pilgrimage charters

International flight support is a global cargo charter aircraft service — our cargo aircraft charter rates, experience, global infrastructure and size in cargo chartering is what sets us apart from many of our competitors in the industry. We can also organize part-charters, backloads and other commercially innovative solutions for project cargo. From automotive components and manufacturing materials to air cargo charters we arrange to ensure that all your shipments reach their final destination on budget and on schedule. This coupled with our volume buying power and airline relationships, frequently enables us to provide our customers with superbly competitive pricing, you can easily avail a full range of cargo aircraft. It doesn't make a difference in case you're searching for huge vessels for outsize payload or a little stream for critical bundles. We break down route, payload, and timescale with a specific end goal to propose the most reasonable load flying machine for your necessities. Discreet clearances are often required for flights that operate on behalf of military, heads of state and government. We have complete a range of operations successfully over many years in the industry. 

Why use UAE Cargo Aircraft Charters?

• Flight Depiction: Our charter professionals are able to guide you to ensure that every aspect of your cargo charter is running smoothly.

• Practised/Experience: UAE cargo has a group of exceptionally gifted and experienced experts. We generally ensure that the majority of our experts are experienced through an escalated preparing and invested energy in the landing area, so they can without much of a stretch see precisely what it takes to sort out a sanction departure from beginning to end.

• Global Inclusion: It doesn't make a difference where you need your load to be conveyed to or from, finish data on the nearby information on a worldwide scale is offered by our universal system.

• Efficiency in Cost: Our notoriety and purchasing power in the field empower us to look for the best freight sanction rates, guaranteeing that you generally get the most reasonable arrangement.

• Choice of a Flying Machine: You can simply make sure to get the best airship that meets your prerequisites, ones you achieve our experts.

• Access to more Air Terminals: Allowing your load to arrive nearer to where it should be conveyed by coming to under-adjusted areas.

• Private Account Director: A private sanction master will dependably be there to help you every minute of every day with all necessities you may have.

We have made a very close bond with different embassies globally, so it is ensured that sensitive and often complex clearances will be obtained both in accordance with the often strict protocol and exact requirements.

Types Of Cargo Planes

For the international transport of goods, the models of the Airbus and Boeing brands are usually used. In any case, it is expected that in the coming year's capacities will be expanded due to the increase in international trade.

Airbus 319, 320 and 321

The Airbus 320 and the Airbus 321 is a cargo charter aircraft that has an operating range of 3500 to 5600 km. This aircraft can load a line of pallets with the same base size as a larger aircraft, but with a lower height.

• The Airbus 319 is an aircraft only for loose cargo.
• Airbus 320 No. of Pallets: 4 + Loose cargo | Volume: 19 m 3 | Capacity: 1.5 tons

Airbus 330 and Airbus 340

The Airbus 340 has 4 turbines and a range of 12,000 to 15,000 km. It has wide cargo bays for pallets, as well as a rear cargo bay in bulk

It is equipped with large loading doors on its front and rear, for loading pallets or containers of 88 "X 125" or 96 "X 125".

• Airbus 330-200 and Airbus 340-200 No. of Pallets: 5 + Loose freight | Volume: 64.5 m 3 | Capacity: 10.3 tons.
• Airbus 340-300 No. of Pallets: 7 + Loose cargo | Volume: 100.4 m 3 | Capacity: 16 tons

Boeing 737

The Boeing 737 has two central cargo bays and reaches an operating range of 2700 to 4650 km depending on the type of ship.

• Boeing 737-300 No. of Pallets: Loose load | Volume: 15 m 3 | Capacity: 2 tons.
• Boeing 737-500 No. of Pallets: Loose load | Volume: 13 m 3 | Capacity: 2 tons

Boeing 777-200

The Boeing 777-200 reaches a range of 12,000 km with loading bays in front and behind, for loading 88 "and 125" or 96 "x 125" pallets.

• The behaviour for loose cargo is located at the rear of the aircraft.
• No. of Pallets: 6 + Loose load | Volume: 80 m 3 | Capacity: 18 tons

Boeing 747

The standard Boeing 747 operates in a mixed manner between cargo and passengers, with an operating range of up to 13,300 km for the 400 model. The Boeing 747 has loading bays for pallets on its front and rear.

• It is equipped with large doors for loading pallets or 88 "or 96" x 125 "containers.
• Boeing 747-200 No. of Pallets: 6 + Loose load | Volume: 83 m 3 | Capacity: 13 tons.
• Boeing 747-300 No. of Pallets: 6 + Loose load | Volume: 76 m 3 | Capacity: 12 tons.
• Freighters: Transport only cargo

Boeing 747-400 ERF

From a commercial point of view, this aircraft offers important differences with its predecessors since it has a greater cargo volume of up to 112 tons. It also has greater capacity, particularly with additional pallets on the main deck and 40% more operating range at maximum load capacity. It also allows the possibility of six seats per flight for customers accompanying your cargo.

No. of Pallets: 39 + Loose cargo | Volume: 674 m 3 | Capacity: 112 tons

Boeing 747 F Freighter

Designed as a cargo plane, the Boeing 747F has a reinforced cabin floor and little resembles the standard passenger Boeing 747. The ship is equipped with a side door or on its nose (depending on the model) and can load twenty-nine 96 "x 125" pallets or containers on the main deck, nine pallets on the bottom and loose cargo in bulk.

• No. of Pallets: 38 + Loose cargo | Volume: 669 m 3 | Capacity: 107 tons.
• Super transport: They transport cargo with excess dimensions.

Airbus 300-600 ST

This is the kind of airplane designed to transport large cargo. If you need to transport a helicopter or even an airplane, you need a Super Transporter.

• It has a flight range with 47 tons of cargo of 1,667 km.
• This aircraft has a huge cargo area located underneath the cabin, allowing the cargo to fill almost the entire length of the plane.
• The gigantic door in the front of the loading bay opens completely.
• No. of Pallets: Depends on the load | Volume: 1,400 m 3 | Capacity: 47 tons.

Antonov 225 Mriya

The largest transporter in the world. With a load capacity of more than 250 tons, it can carry not only one, but 3 or 4 military tanks.

• It has a flight range with 200 tons of cargo of 4,000 km.

This aircraft was originally designed in Ukraine for the Soviet version of the space shuttle. This project was put on hold, and the plane was on the ground since the early nineties. It was recently restored and made its first test flight on May 7, 2001.

• The length of its wings together is almost the size of a football field, and its cargo bay can carry 80 cars.
• No. of Pallets: Depends on the load | Volume: 1,300 m 3 | Capacity: 250 tons

Cargo planes fulfil the functions of housing passengers' belongings, goods transports or military uses. The medium-term outlook is for this market to continue growing.

Ground Assistance to an Airplane

We have more or less clear what are the procedures that passengers follow when they enter an airport to take a flight: billing, checks, and boarding. Also, the services available to airport users, customers with reduced mobility, children travelling alone, VIP rooms, transits, incident management, customer service, etc. ... But today, what we want to talk to you about, is the assistance that an airplane receives as soon as it takes to land and returns to fly. These assistance actions for passengers and aircraft are managed by the handling companies.

As you well know, a plane where it is truly profitable is flying, hence it is intended to be on land as little as possible. That is why, as soon as you land at an airport, a procedure protocol is automatically set up to prepare you for your next flight. To this period on land, ground handling agent calls it a stopover.

• The first of these procedures is to take charge of the parking of the airplane that, depending on the size or measures, will have to be parked in one place or another and is something that the airport authorities manage. Parking that also allows work on the plane with total comfort. Once the aircraft is parked or parked, the different handling equipment is put into operation.
• From the operations department, they carry the coordination, the elaboration of the load sheet (weight, distribution, very important to know where the plane's center of gravity is), to send operational flight messages (departure time, number of passengers).
• The team that deals with the passengers, is the one in charge of transporting them to the aircraft, which can be by buses when the plane is remote, or through corridors that lead directly to the plane, called fingers.
• The cargo handling, as the word itself indicates, is the one that handles the goods that are transported as air cargo, acceptance and storage as well as the preparation of the documentation for transport.
• The ramp handling is responsible for the luggage. These luggage travel in containers, which makes loading and unloading faster. To evacuate them, electric elevators and ramps are used to facilitate the handling of the same, so they will appear on the delivery tape in the shortest possible time. They are also in charge of the stairs, the recharging of electrical systems, the refuelling of fuel, the evacuation of wastewater, the revision of the air conditioning systems, the cleaning of the cabin and the repair of any breakdown if any. By steps, let's say that the first thing is to disembark the passage so that you can access the cleaning service, as well as the incoming passage, will not be able to embark until the fuel is fully loaded.
• Also at these stops or stopovers, the catering is loaded, which is then offered and served in flight. These meals are precooked to later heat them in aircraft ovens.

When everything is ready, the agents proceed to board passengers through the planters (buses) or corridors (fingers) so that the plane can fly back to its next destination. Once the plane is ready and loaded, a tug called Push-back will be in charge of pushing the plane backward, to leave it ready and facing to start the race towards the runway.

Good flight!

Airport Ground Handling Duties

The fact that today an airport works properly is to a large extent, having a good ground handling service or handling service.

The current demands of air traffic require it. Commercial airplanes are complex and expensive machines whose profitability is only possible while flying from one place to another transporting people or goods.

But for them to do so, an intricate organisation works at each airport constantly, sometimes at a frenetic pace, and for that reason, a large part of the airport's resources are used to assist airport operations.

The Aircraft Maintenance Service is a service that handles all the assistance and support of aircraft when they are on land, as well as the loading and unloading of passengers, baggage, and cargo.

On many occasions, the UAE ground handling service can be provided by the airport itself through staff under their charge, but currently, it is more common to deal with handling specialised companies in this type of task.

These companies, independent of the airport where they operate, are commonly referred to as handling agents and obtain a concession from the competent authority to provide their services at the airport or they are contracted for this purpose by the airlines, while the entities that Manage and manage airports can become almost completely detached from ground handling.

The Auto handling

Some airlines rely on their own ground handling services. In this way, they create their own infrastructure for such services, which is known as auto handling. These airlines, which have auto handling act as assistance agents for other companies.

The Handling Of Passengers.

The ground passenger assistance service is of great importance for the company's professional image since it is the first contact with the customer.

Keep in mind that part of the time spent on a plane trip is usually consumed in the airport itself, so good handling services that speed up and minimise this stay are essential.

In many cases, when the airline does not have personnel or billing facilities on land, or they are saturated, the handling agent begins its services with the reception of the passengers, an activity that is carried out in the corresponding counters, own or of the company.

Naturally, this contact and service are provided on behalf of the carrier company, even though it may be provided by a service agent or other company.

The ground handling agent must also have personnel and means to weigh, classify and inspect the luggage of the passengers, transporting it to the corresponding aircraft for boarding. This is a very complex task that today, fortunately, is largely automated.

Supervising Assistance

Ground support supervisors must verify that all ramp activities are carried out in a coordinated manner. They must also ensure that aircraft cycles are carried out in a timely, efficient and safe manner. Likewise, assistance to passengers both on arrival and departure must be carried out in such a way that they receive a good service and that the perceived image of the company is entirely professional. In particular, the supervision of the handling must verify that passengers have full support and services in the event of delays and cancellations.

It is also necessary to obtain the slots of airways and to take care of the assistance to the crews -including the sessions of previous information or briefings; to complete the flight plan and provide meteorological information; to coordinate catering and cargo services; of operational communications and administrative services. The latter includes the regular liaison between the client and the local authorities, the airport services, catering, tour operators and cargo handling, keeping all parties informed up to date. A very important function is the contracting of special rates with hotels and carriers for crews and passengers, especially in the case of delays and cancellations.

The management and checking of documentation and lost luggage should not be forgotten. Finally, the client — the airline — must receive from the handling agent the rates, information and regulations of the airports in which it is to operate.

Once the aircraft land and disembark the passenger, the staff of the ramp handling agent is responsible for returning the aircraft ready for the next flight. Its professionalism depends, to a great extent, on whether the aircraft is ready for its rotation in the time and conditions foreseen.

Ground assistance to aircraft is a vital service provided by the so-called "ramp handling agents". The modern commercial aircraft that sail the skies today, transporting millions of passengers and kilos of cargo, require permanent care, which is handled by highly qualified personnel, perfectly trained in the use of modern technology machinery.

Ramp Handling

This type of assistance on the ground is basically concerned with the maintenance and care of aircraft of all types, whether they are a passenger, cargo or general aviation.

For this reason, normally, together with the operators of ground handling services, specialised technicians and mechanics work in charge of the mechanical issues of the equipment, and that they solve possible faults or a malfunction of some component, in the case that such circumstances occur. These personnel carry out the pre-flight inspections and report the incidents to the crew during the preparations for the flight.

The ramp handling service starts once the aircraft has landed, and the first step is to park it in the place previously assigned by the airport authorities.

On many occasions, the aircraft will require a towing vehicle, especially when it is a position far from the terminal building, to tow it, and universal tow-bars will be used for this purpose.

Once the aircraft is secured, the specialised personnel is responsible for carrying out a complete verification so that it is ready to fly again as soon as possible. This cycle between a landing and the next take-off is called rotation.

Parking Positions

A parking position, which allows to fulfil its two basic functions - the permanence of the airplane and service- must have certain minimum dimensions, depending on the size of the aircraft, of a suitable resistance pavement and of facilities that allow realising the services and minor maintenance work.

These facilities and services are:

• Supply of fuel. The refuelling can be done through boxes, equipped with hose, spool, filter and air suppressor; by piping with a spout; or by mobile tanks.
• Supply of electric power. It can be done through connection points flush with the pavement and well away from the fuel lines.
• Road roads. They are necessary for the numerous service vehicles.
• Take of land. They are essential to avoid static electricity discharges that can cause fires.

Ramp Handling Equipment

In order to carry out its task effectively, operators of aircraft ground support services have equipment of very different types, as we have detailed previously. This auxiliary equipment can be classified into two groups: fixed and mobile equipment. The fixed machinery consists of equipment installed on the ground of the airport itself and have the advantage that they reduce considerably the always dangerous traffic of vehicles rolled, in addition to that they are usually in general installations of great power. In contrast, the equipment installed in vehicles, many of which have been designed specifically for this purpose, allows greater freedom and facilitates assistance in remote or distant positions; in this way, we proceed to recharge the electrical and hydraulic systems of the airplane.

Treatment Of Passengers

The passage must be taken to the corresponding terminal. Staff and specialised media are responsible for providing passengers with the transfer to their destination terminal.

The most frequently used means are the use of extensively glazed buses or the mobile telescopic runways -fingers-, with which the apparatus is linked to the airport terminal itself. On the other hand, the baggage and where appropriate, the cargo transported must also be properly landed.

Cargo Handling

Cargo handling refers to the one who deals with the treatment and handling of the goods. The discharge of these and, of course, also their load is done with the help of mechanical means of different types, which contribute to significantly speed up these operations. Thanks to the mechanical ramps, the use of cargo containers, electric elevators and other means, the personnel in charge can easily reduce loading and unloading times, allowing a rapid rotation and with it a good economical use of the company's resources.

The Catering Service

This service represents a peculiar type of handling since it does not constitute a service that is provided entirely on land.

In effect, the food served on the aircraft is enjoyed during the flight, but its loading and subsequent disembarkation are done during the ramp handling. The food of the catering is pre-cooked, and only requires a minimum preparation that takes place in the kitchens available to the aircraft, - this usually consists of its simple heating.